{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# R 绘图基础\n",
    "\n",
    "R 的绘图功能一直为业内所津津乐道。\n",
    "\n",
    "p.s. *用了 Python 的 matplotlib 和 R 的 ggplot2 后，再也不想用 MATLAB 画图了……*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "我现在这里先给出本博文用到的包："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "autoscroll": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading required package: lattice\n",
      "Loading required package: survival\n",
      "Loading required package: Formula\n",
      "Loading required package: ggplot2\n",
      "\n",
      "Attaching package: 'Hmisc'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:base':\n",
      "\n",
      "    format.pval, round.POSIXt, trunc.POSIXt, units\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(Hmisc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading required package: sm\n",
      "Package 'sm', version 2.2-5.4: type help(sm) for summary information\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(vioplot)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 基础命令\n",
    "\n",
    "使用 `dev.new()` 命令新建一个图片视图，这样你可以输出多个图片到屏幕，而不是让之后输出的覆盖之前的图形。关于 dev.next(), dev.prev(), dev.set() 及 dev.off() 等内容，参考 help(dev.cur). \n",
    "\n",
    "### plot() 绘图类型\n",
    "\n",
    "基本的绘图类型有以下几种，使用 type= 参数指定：\n",
    "\n",
    "- p：仅数据点，默认值。\n",
    "- l：仅线段\n",
    "- b：线段与点\n",
    "- c：仅线段，但点的位置留出空白\n",
    "- o：线段与点，但线段会延伸到点内部\n",
    "- h：直方图风格，即带竖直密度线\n",
    "- s：阶梯图\n",
    "- S：其他特殊情况\n",
    "- n；不绘制图形。用于指定标题、坐标轴名称的情况\n",
    "\n",
    "### 输出到文件\n",
    "\n",
    "将画图的内容输出到文件，可以指定路径，不指定就输出到当前工作目录。例如输出 pdf：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "pdf(\"plot.pdf\")\n",
    "  plot(c(1, 2, 3), c(3, 4, 2))\n",
    "dev.off()\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "除了 pdf() 外，其他可用的输出格式对应函数：\n",
    "\n",
    "- **wmf**：win.metafile()，仅在 Windows 系统下使用\n",
    "- **png**: png()\n",
    "- **jpeg**: jpeg()\n",
    "- **bmp**: bmp()\n",
    "- **tiff**: tiff()\n",
    "- **ps**: postscript()\n",
    "\n",
    "例子。详细的参数在下文讨论。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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O2n/8bdbrNZrcaHHPq7HRFSmyIf0syQ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\nAAGEBAggJEAAIQECCAkQ8A+TNERhZVKWTwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- 1:4\n",
    "y <- c(2, 4, 3, 1)\n",
    "plot(x, y, type=\"b\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 绘图参数：par()\n",
    "\n",
    "函数 par() 用来获取**当前图形**的参数。如果加入 no.readonly=TRUE, 表示该参数列表是非只读的，即用户可以进行修改。例如对于上图，我们获取其参数，进行更改后再传到新的图中（pch 参数可能有些费解，我们在下文讨论）："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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jlO/42Hw2632YxPOfR3OyKkNkU+pIUh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\nEiCAkAABhAQIICRAwD9Y7DwPeF3hXgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 方法一：类交互式的更改方法\n",
    "opar <- par(no.readonly=T)\n",
    "par(pch=17)  # 更改点样式\n",
    "plot(x, y, type=\"b\")\n",
    "par(opar)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 方法二：部分绘图参数支持直接传入参数\n",
    "# plot(x, y, type=\"b\", pch=17)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 点样式、线宽与线型\n",
    "\n",
    "| 参数 | 可选值 |\n",
    "| --- | --- |\n",
    "| pch 点样式 | 0空方块，1空圆，2空三角，3加号，4乘号，5斜空方块，6空倒三角，7叉方块，8星号，9斜叉方块，10圈加号，11六芒星，12田，13圈乘号，14加框尖角，15方块，16圆点，17三角，18斜方块，19带边线圆点，20带边线2/3圆点，21填充圆，22填充方块，23填充斜方块，24填充三角，25填充倒三角。 |\n",
    "| cex 点大小 | 数字，例如 0.5。 |\n",
    "| lty 线型 | 1实线，2短虚线，3点线，4点划线，5长虚线，6长短划线。 |\n",
    "| lwd 线宽 | 数字。 |\n",
    "\n",
    "*注: pch = 19 相比 pch = 16，主要体现在 lwd 与 cex 不同时，带边线圆点的尺寸较大。*\n",
    "\n",
    "### 颜色\n",
    "\n",
    "调整颜色的参数有：\n",
    "\n",
    "- col: 绘图颜色。\n",
    "- col.axis：坐标轴刻度颜色。\n",
    "- col.lab：坐标轴名称颜色。\n",
    "- col.main：图形标题颜色。\n",
    "- col.sub：副标题颜色。\n",
    "- fg：图形前景色。\n",
    "- bf：图形背景色。\n",
    "\n",
    "指定颜色的方式有如下几种：\n",
    "\n",
    "+ 数字下标：col=1\n",
    "+ 名称：col=\"white\"\n",
    "+ 十六进制值：col=\"#FFFFFF\"\n",
    "+ 标准化RGB/HSV值：col=rgb(0,1,1)/hsv(0,0,1)\n",
    "\n",
    "至于 R 支持的颜色名称，多达 600 余种，这里给出一些我认为常见的："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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tHbDO15jt155CH11+dRvogE50j2LfepQ/stcusMG+y9fszWOVJ9W3nv/G6y+7T3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\nIEBIgAAhAQKEBAgQEiBASIAAIQEC/w/KlgENvIzHkwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "OutputColors <- function(color.names, titleStr=\"\", showText=F) {\n",
    "    plot(1,1, axes=F, xlim=c(0, 6), ylim=c(0, 6), main=titleStr, xlab=\"\", ylab=\"\")\n",
    "    for (i in c(1:5)) {\n",
    "        for (j in c(1:5)) {\n",
    "            par(new=T)\n",
    "            plot(i, 6-j, cex=3, xlim=c(0, 6), ylim=c(0, 6), axes=F,\n",
    "                 main=\"\", xlab=\"\", ylab=\"\", pch=19, \n",
    "                 col=color.names[(i-1)*5+j])\n",
    "            if (showText) {\n",
    "                text(i, 6-j-0.1, pos=1, color.names[(i-1)*5+j])\n",
    "            }\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "colorLst <- c(\"white\", \"red\", \"green\", \"blue\", \"brown\",\n",
    "              \"cyan\", \"gold\", \"gray\", \"plum\", \"magenta\",\n",
    "              \"orange\", \"purple\", \"yellow\", \"black\", \"violet\",\n",
    "              \"darkblue\", \"darkgreen\", \"darkred\", \"darkgray\", \"dimgray\",\n",
    "              \"lightblue\", \"lightgreen\", \"lightgray\", \"orchid\", \"pink\")\n",
    "OutputColors(colorLst, \"25 Useful Colors\", T)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "R 中还有其他方式可以生成一系列的颜色，比如："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "par(mfrow=c(2 ,3))\n",
    "OutputColors(rainbow(25), \"Rainbow\")\n",
    "OutputColors(heat.colors(25), \"HeatMap\")\n",
    "OutputColors(terrain.colors(25), \"TerrainMap\")\n",
    "OutputColors(topo.colors(25), \"Topo\")\n",
    "OutputColors(cm.colors(25), \"CM\")\n",
    "# 灰度：需要标准化\n",
    "OutputColors(gray(1/25*c(0:25)), \"Gray\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 标签和标题文本\n",
    "\n",
    "从上文可以看出端倪，标签与标题参数有：\n",
    "\n",
    "- **标题/副标题**：title/sub\n",
    "- **坐标轴标题**：xlab/ylab\n",
    "\n",
    "在标题中使用上文介绍的参数：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "title(main=\"My Title\", col.main=\"red\",\n",
    "    sub=\"My Subtitle\", col.sub=\"blue\",\n",
    "    xlab=\"My X label\", ylab=\"My Y label\",\n",
    "    col.lab=\"green\", cex.lab=0.75)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "要定义它们的字体，可添加的参数有：\n",
    "\n",
    "| 参数 | 含义 |\n",
    "| --- | --- |\n",
    "| cex | 基础缩放倍数 |\n",
    "| cex.axis | 坐标轴刻度的缩放倍数 |\n",
    "| cex.lab | 坐标轴标题的缩放倍数 |\n",
    "| cex.main | 图形标题的缩放倍数 |\n",
    "| cex.sub | 图形副标题的缩放倍数 |\n",
    "| font | 字体样式。1常规，2加粗，3加斜，4加粗加斜，5符号字体 |\n",
    "| font.axis | 坐标轴刻度的字体样式 |\n",
    "| font.lab/ main/ sub | 类推 |\n",
    "| ps | 字体磅值。文字的最终大小为 cex * ps |\n",
    "| family | 字族。例如 serif衬线, sans无衬线, mono等宽 |\n",
    "\n",
    "字族的使用需要注意：Windows 中，等宽映射为 Courier New，衬线 Times New Roman，无衬线 Arial。你可以使用 windowsFonts() 函数来更改或者创建映射，例如我个人常用的 DejaVu 等宽字体："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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RAgJECAkAABQgIECAkQICRAgJAAAUICBAgJECAkQICQAAFCAgQICRAgJECAkAAB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\nIEBIgAAhAQKEBAgQEiDwD+ckZPChMuasAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "windowsFonts(\n",
    "    M=windowsFont(\"DejaVu Sans Mono\")\n",
    ")\n",
    "plot(1, 1, type=\"n\")\n",
    "# 字体示例\n",
    "text(1, 1.05, paste(\"DejaVu Sans Mono\\n\", \n",
    "                    \"0123456789!@#$%^&*()[]{}:;,.<>'/?`~\",\n",
    "                    \"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\",\n",
    "                    \"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\", \n",
    "                    sep=\"\\n\"), pos=1, family=\"M\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "如果你需要将图片输出到 pdf，这个参数也是可以使用的：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "pdf(file=\"filename.pdf\", family=\"M\")\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "### 图形尺寸与边距\n",
    "\n",
    "参数 pin 用于指定图形尺寸（英寸），例如 `pin=c(4, 3)` 表示 4 英寸宽 3 英寸高。\n",
    "\n",
    "用 mai()/mar() 依次指定下左上右四个方向的边距，单位分别是英寸与英分。默认是 `mar(c(5, 4, 4, 2)) + 0.1`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 自定义其他元素\n",
    "\n",
    "### 坐标轴\n",
    "\n",
    "函数 side() 用于自定义坐标轴：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "axis(side, at=, labels=, pos=, lty=, col=, las=, tck=, ...)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "- side: 指定在哪绘制坐标轴：1下2左3上4右\n",
    "- at：刻度线位置\n",
    "- labels：刻度线旁的标签，缺省时使用 at 中的值\n",
    "- pos：坐标轴与另一坐标轴相交位置的值\n",
    "- lty/col：线型/线与刻度的颜色\n",
    "- las：标签平行于（=0）或垂直于（=2）坐标轴\n",
    "- tck：刻度线。负值表示在图形外侧，0表示禁用刻度，1表示全长（即网格线）；默认 -0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "### 网格线：abline() 与次要刻度\n",
    "\n",
    "如果想使用次要刻度，请安装 Hmisc 包。次要刻度的长度将会是主刻度的 `tick.ratio` 倍。\n",
    "\n",
    "网格线使用 abline() 命令，并分别用 h/v 指定网格线是竖直还是水平。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 需要加载：library(Hmisc)\n",
    "plot(1:3, 1:3, type=\"b\", xlim=c(0, 4), ylim=c(0, 4))\n",
    "minor.tick(nx=2, ny=4, tick.ratio=0.5)\n",
    "abline(v=seq(0, 4, 0.5), h=seq(0, 4, 0.25), lty=2, col=\"darkred\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 图例\n",
    "\n",
    "命令 legend() 用于添加图例。\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "legend(location, legend, [title=, ...])\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "参数含义：\n",
    "\n",
    "- location：指定图例左上角的坐标，或者使用以下关键字：\n",
    "    - 关键字：left/right, bottom/top, bottomleft/right, topleft/right, center\n",
    "    - 如果使用了以上关键字，可以使用 inset= 参数指定向图形内移动的比例（分数形式）\n",
    "- legend：标签组成的字符型向量。 \n",
    "- title：图例标题的字符串\n",
    "- 其他参数：\n",
    "    - col/pch/lwd/lty：图例线条颜色/点样式/线宽/线型\n",
    "    - bty/fill：盒型样式/颜色填充（用于条形图、箱形图或饼图）\n",
    "    - bg：背景色\n",
    "    - text.col：文本颜色\n",
    "    - horiz：TRUE 会将图例水平放置\n",
    "\n",
    "例子参见“直方图”一节的最后一例。\n",
    "\n",
    "### 标注\n",
    "\n",
    "#### 文字标注\n",
    "\n",
    "主要有两个函数：text() 与 mtext()。前者向绘图区添加标注，后者向图形的边界添加标注。\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "text(location, \"string\", pos, ...)\n",
    "mtext(\"string\", side, line=n, ...)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "可以参考“标签和标题文本”一节的例子。其中：\n",
    "\n",
    "- pos：使用1下2左3上4右的对应关系，比如“颜色”一节中就使用了 pos=1 的参数。\n",
    "    - 如果指定了 pos，那么也可以指定 offset= 作为偏移量比值（相对单个字符宽）\n",
    "- side：指定放置文本的图片边界，同样是1下2左3上4右。\n",
    "    - 你可以使用 line= 来移动文本（正值向外，负值向内）；\n",
    "    - 还可以通过 adj=0/1 指定文本向左下/右上对齐。\n",
    "\n",
    "#### 数学标注\n",
    "\n",
    "类似 LaTeX 的标注方式，不过实质上仍有一些区别：\n",
    "\n",
    "| 代码 | 效果 | 代码 | 效果 | 代码 | 效果 |\n",
    "| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n",
    "| x%+-%y | $x\\pm y$ | x%/%y | $x\\div y$ | x%\\*%y | $x\\times y$ |\n",
    "| x%.%y | $x\\cdot y$ | x[i] | $x_i$ | x^2 | $x^2$ |\n",
    "| x%prop%y | $x\\propto y$ | sqrt(x, y) | $\\sqrt[y]{x}$ | x!=y | $x\\neq y$ |\n",
    "| x%\\~\\~%y | $x\\approx y$ | x%=\\~%y | $x\\cong y$ | x%==%y | $x\\equiv y$ |\n",
    "\n",
    "部分字体相关的命令：\n",
    "\n",
    "- plain(x)：正体\n",
    "- italic(x)：意大利字族（加斜）\n",
    "- bold(x)：加粗\n",
    "- bolditalic(x)：加斜加粗\n",
    "- underline(x)：下划线"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 叠加绘图\n",
    "\n",
    "叠加绘图最简单的方法，就是使用绘图的 `new=TRUE`：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "plot( ... )\n",
    "plot( ... , new=TRUE)  # 记得用 axes=FALSE 将坐标轴、标签、标题隐藏掉\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "如果想要添加额外的点、线，使用 `points()` 命令与 `lines()` 命令。以及上面提到的参考线 `abline()` 命令："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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VKPmK3oQH01CKmaLk9qmOmM9vLLQUi1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\n4PIEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot(1:3, c(1,3,2), type=\"b\", pch=2)\n",
    "\n",
    "points(1:3, seq(1.5, 2.5, 0.5), col=\"blue\", pch=16)\n",
    "lines(1:3, seq(1.5, 2.5, 0.5), col=\"red\")\n",
    "abline(v=1.5, h=2.25, lty=2,col=\"purple\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 子图\n",
    "\n",
    "#### 函数 layout()\n",
    "\n",
    "函数 layout() 是一个强大的命令。例如：\n",
    "    \n",
    "```r\n",
    "layout(matrix(c(1,1,2,3), 2, 2, byrow = TRUE))\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "就指定了图 1 占用第一行，图 2 和 3 共用第二行。也可以用 widths=/heights= 参数指定各列宽/各行高之间的比例："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tmp <- c(rep(\"Cat\", 3), rep(\"Dog\", 4), rep(\"Rabbit\", 2))\n",
    "dt <- table(tmp)\n",
    "\n",
    "layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), 2, 2, byrow = TRUE),\n",
    "       widths=c(3, 1), heights=c(1, 2))\n",
    "barplot(dt)\n",
    "barplot(dt)\n",
    "barplot(dt)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### 函数 par() 的 mfrow 参数\n",
    "\n",
    "前文介绍过的 par() 中的 mfrow= 参数也是一个控制子图的方式。下例是两行两列的子图：\n",
    "    \n",
    "```r\n",
    "opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)\n",
    "par(mfrow=c(2,2))\n",
    "plot(...)  # 图 1，左上\n",
    "plot(...)  # 图 2，右上\n",
    "plot(...)  # 图 3，左下\n",
    "plot(...)  # 图 4，右下\n",
    "par(opar)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "#### 函数 par() 的 fig 参数\n",
    "\n",
    "这种方式支持你以任何的位置、组合任意的图形。它比规整的 layout() 更加灵活。以下不使用 0.8 而使用 0.65 是为了看上去更紧凑。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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FUbRBo4QqidQlG1QaSBI4TaKRRVG0Qa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",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)\n",
    "\n",
    "par(fig=c(0, 0.8, 0, 0.8))  # 主图：横向范围与纵向范围（左下为原点）\n",
    "barplot(dt)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "par(fig=c(0, 0.8, 0.65, 1), new=TRUE)  # 上方的图。注意 new 参数\n",
    "barplot(dt, axes=F)\n",
    "\n",
    "par(fig=c(0.65, 1, 0, 0.8), new=TRUE)  # 右侧的图\n",
    "barplot(dt, axes=F, names.arg=\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 统计图\n",
    "\n",
    "### 条形图：barplot()\n",
    "\n",
    "直接上例子。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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YIUyJFJ1w7Cy+KYkDRBghTJkUXXDsPL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\nGISQGMYg/wcsAr5ZienifQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Title of Barplot\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tmp <- c(rep(\"Cat\", 3), rep(\"Dog\", 4), rep(\"Rabbit\", 2))\n",
    "dt <- table(tmp)\n",
    "\n",
    "barplot(dt, main=\"Title of Barplot\", xlab=\"Pets\", ylab=\"Number\",\n",
    "        col=\"green\", border=\"blue\", density=c(5, 15, 25),\n",
    "        names.arg=paste(\"Pet\", 1:3, sep=\" \"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 饼图：pie()\n",
    "\n",
    "并不推荐的统计图类型，因此 R 中的功能也很有限。\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "pie(x, labels=, ...)\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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ZgpzUOJbfOIFZktvZI4jp6xJPOldiixZwawKBpSSonjaBCroiOZlNgww1gXLUmU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",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Pie Chart with Percentage\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt <- 1:4\n",
    "lbl <- c(\"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\")\n",
    "pie(dt, labels=paste(lbl, \" \", round(dt/sum(dt)*100), \"%\", sep=\"\"),\n",
    "    col=topo.colors(length(lbl)), main=\"Pie Chart with Percentage\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 直方图：hist() 及核密度曲线\n",
    "\n",
    "直方图表示的是一维的数据（连续型）特征，纵轴是其在对应横轴区间内的频数或者频率。\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "hist(x, freq=TRUE, breaks=, ...)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "其中 freq 参数默认指定纵轴为频数而不是频率，break 用于指定横轴上分组的个数。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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B7PueE7JCDNVT1D92ma++F3aQwpqKSo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\nQUAiMghIRAYBicig/wHtWHCbgmjm7QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Hist fig 2\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set.seed(123)\n",
    "dt <- rnorm(100, mean=0, sd=1)\n",
    "par(mfrow=c(1,2))\n",
    "\n",
    "# 左图：频率直方图，以及轴须图\n",
    "hist(dt, freq=F, breaks=10, col=\"cyan\", main=\"Hist fig 1\")\n",
    "rug(jitter(dt))  # 如果有许多相同值，参数 amount=0.01 可将其随机化\n",
    "lines(density(dt), col=\"purple\", lwd=2)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 右图：频数直方图，以及正态密度曲线\n",
    "h.plot <- hist(dt, breaks=10, col=\"lightgreen\", main=\"Hist fig 2\")\n",
    "xfit <- seq(min(dt), max(dt), length.out=40)\n",
    "yfit <- dnorm(xfit, mean=mean(dt), sd=sd(dt))\n",
    "yfit <- yfit*diff(h.plot$mids[1:2])*length(dt)\n",
    "lines(xfit, yfit, col=\"blue\", lwd=2)\n",
    "box()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "轴须图是一种一维的数据呈现，而上面的左图中的密度曲线是一种核密度估计。要比较核密度图，参考 sm 包的 sm.density.compare() 函数。如果只是要绘制，使用 density() 函数辅助即可："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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LcgMzuGpHEByW6BIPVJAtJrQLIbkBQF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\nDjNcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Kernel Denisty\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot(density(dt), main=\"Kernel Denisty\")\n",
    "polygon(density(dt), col=\"lightgreen\", border=\"blue\", lwd=2)  # 绘制多边形的函数\n",
    "# 叠加正态曲线\n",
    "xfit <- seq(min(dt), max(dt), length.out=40)\n",
    "yfit <- dnorm(xfit, mean=mean(dt), sd=sd(dt))\n",
    "lines(xfit, yfit, col=\"red\", lwd=2)\n",
    "legend(\"topright\", lty=c(1,1), col=c(\"blue\", \"red\"),\n",
    "       legend=c(\"Kernel Density\", \"Normality Curve\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 箱形图：boxplot() 及小提琴图\n",
    "\n",
    "或者叫箱线图、盒须图。它描述了连续变量的五个特征参数："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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BIggJAAAYQECCAkQAAhAQIICRBASIAAQgIEEBIggJAAAYQECCAkQAAhAQIICRBA\nSIAAQgIEEBIggJAAAYQECCAkQAAhAQIICRBASIAAQgIEEBIggJAAAYQECCAkQAAhAQIICRDw\nHxlSqMeWqso/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Box Plot\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fig <- boxplot(dt, main=\"Box Plot\")\n",
    "paras <- c(\"Min\", \"25 percentile\", \"Mean\", \"75 percentile\", \"Max\")\n",
    "text(1.25, fig$stats, paras, pos=4)\n",
    "text(0.9, fig$out, \"Abnormal Points\", pos=2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "如果是 dataframe 数据集中的类别型变量 A ，使用如下语句生成并列箱形图：\n",
    "\n",
    "```r\n",
    "boxplot(y~A, data=dataframe)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "如果将公式改写成 `y~A*B`，那么会将类别型变量 A 和 B 的各水平两两组合，再生成箱形图。\n",
    "\n",
    "其他参数：\n",
    "\n",
    "- varwidth=F/T：为 TRUE 时，箱形图的宽度与样本数的算术平方根成正比。\n",
    "- horizontal=F/T：为 TRUE 时，箱形图被横置。\n",
    "- notch=F/T：为 TRUE 时，箱形图在绘制时会显示“凹槽”。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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g63YI2QNk+uypIOt2CNkDZPrsqSDrdg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\nSBAgJAgQEgQICQKEBAH/D7oqbFG+RO+fAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC",
      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Boxplot\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df <- data.frame(x=dt, type=NA)\n",
    "df <- df[order(df$x),]\n",
    "df$type <- c(rep(\"Smaller\", 50), rep(\"Larger\",50))\n",
    "boxplot(x ~ type, data=df, col=\"darkgray\", main=\"Boxplot\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最后再提一下箱形图与核密度图的一个结合体：小提琴图（violin plot）。这种图的绘制需要 vioplot 包。\n",
    "\n",
    "在小提琴图中，核密度曲线被竖直放置，并对称地显示于数据轴的两侧："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 需要加载：library(vioplot)\n",
    "vioplot(df$x[df$type == \"Larger\"], df$x[df$type == \"Smaller\"],\n",
    "        names=c(\"L\", \"S\"), col=\"gold\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 点图\n",
    "\n",
    "用于在水平刻度上绘制大量标签。本例选自参考书目同名章节。各参数：\n",
    "\n",
    "- groups：选定一个因子，作为分组依据。\n",
    "- gcolor：各组标签的颜色。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "Plot with title \"Gas Mileage for Car Models\n",
       "grouped by cylinder\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# mtcars 是 R 预装的数据集，其 cyl 变量有三个水平\n",
    "x <- mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]\n",
    "x$cyl <- factor(x$cyl)\n",
    "x$color[x$cyl==4] <- \"red\"\n",
    "x$color[x$cyl==6] <- \"blue\"\n",
    "x$color[x$cyl==8] <- \"darkgreen\"\n",
    "dotchart(x$mpg,\n",
    "         labels = row.names(x),\n",
    "         cex=.7,\n",
    "         groups = x$cyl,\n",
    "         gcolor = \"black\",\n",
    "         color = x$color,\n",
    "         pch=19,\n",
    "         main = \"Gas Mileage for Car Models\\ngrouped by cylinder\",\n",
    "         xlab = \"Miles Per Gallon\")"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "R",
   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": "r",
   "file_extension": ".r",
   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
   "name": "R",
   "pygments_lexer": "r",
   "version": "4.0.0"
  },
  "toc": {
   "base_numbering": 1,
   "nav_menu": {},
   "number_sections": true,
   "sideBar": true,
   "skip_h1_title": false,
   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
   "toc_cell": false,
   "toc_position": {},
   "toc_section_display": true,
   "toc_window_display": false
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}